Alles über plastic surgery
Alles über plastic surgery
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#PlasticPiratesEU collect valuable scientific data that can make a meaningful impact to scientific research and environmental decision-making to protect our rivers and oceans.
In some cases, this can involve mixing different types of plastic together to form a polymer blend, such as high impact polystyrene. Large companies may do their own compounding prior to production, but some producers have it done by a third party. Companies that specialize in this work are known as Compounders.
Their biggest single application is hinein packaging, with some 146 million tonnes being used this way in 2015, equivalent to 36% of global production. Due to their dominance; many of the properties and problems commonly associated with plastics, such as pollution stemming from their poor biodegradability, are ultimately attributable to commodity plastics.
High-performance plastics are usually expensive, with their use limited to specialized applications which make use of their superior properties.
While a finished plastic may be non-toxic, the monomers used rein the manufacture of its parent polymers may be toxic. Rein some cases, small amounts of those chemicals can remain trapped hinein the product unless suitable processing is employed.
Companies that produce finished goods are known as converters (sometimes processors). The vast majority of plastics produced worldwide are thermosoftening and must be heated until molten rein order to be molded. Various sorts of extrusion equipment exist which can then form the plastic into almost any shape.
Plastics degrade by a variety of processes, the most significant of which is usually photo-oxidation. Their chemical here structure determines their fate. Polymers' marine degradation takes much longer as a result of the saline environment and cooling effect of the sea, contributing to the persistence of plastic debris rein certain environments.[54] Recent studies have shown, however, that plastics in the ocean decompose faster than had been previously thought, due to exposure to the sun, rain, and other environmental conditions, resulting hinein the release of toxic chemicals such as bisphenol A.
The success and dominance of plastics starting in the early 20th century has caused widespread environmental problems,[3] due to their slow decomposition Tarif rein natural ecosystems. Most plastic produced has not been reused, or is incapable of reuse, either being captured in landfills or persisting hinein the environment as plastic pollution and microplastics.
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Pre-exposure of the plastic to ultraviolet radiation broke chemical bonds and aided biodegradation; the longer the period of UV exposure, the greater the promotion of the degradation.[96]
Traditionally derivatives of lead, cadmium & tin. Safer modern alternatives include barium/zinc mixtures and calcium stearate, along with various synergists
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Masterbatch granules can be mixed with cheaper bulk polymer and will release their additives during processing to give a homogeneous final product. This can be cheaper than working with a fully compounded material and is particularly common for the introduction of color.
Plastic recycling is low rein the waste hierarchy, meaning that reduction and reuse are more favourable and long-term solutions for sustainability.